Verrucomicrobiota

Verrucomicrobiota
	Transmission electron micrograph of stage II epixenosomes.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Superphylum:	PVC superphylum
Phylum:	Verrucomicrobiota; Hedlund 2021
Classes
	Opitutae Choo et al. 2007; Terrimicrobia García-López et al. 2020; Verrucomicrobiae Hedlund et al. 1998; Orders not assigned to a class "Candidatus Methylacidiphilales" Op den Camp et al. 2009; ; Genera not assigned to a class, order, or family "Fucophilus" Sakai et al. 2003; Limisphaera Anders et al. 2015; "Methylacidimicrobium" van Teeseling et al. 2014; "Candidatus Methyloacida" Islam et al. 2008; "Methylokorus" Dunfield et al. 2007; "Candidatus Nucleicoccus" corrig. Sato et al. 2014; "Candidatus Organicella" Williams et al. 2021; "Pedosphaera" Kant et al. 2011; "Candidatus Rhizospheria" Nunes da Rocha 2010; ;
Synonyms
	"Verrucomicrobaeota" Oren et al. 2015; "Verrucomicrobia" Hedlund et al. 1997; "Verrucomicrobia" Hedlund 2010; "Verrucomicrobia" Yoon et al. 2010; "Verrucomicrobiota" Whitman et al. 2018;

The phylum Verrucomicrobia is made up of six groups of gram-negative, spherical or rod-shaped bacteria that consume other plants or animals for energy and nutrients (heterotrophic). They are distributed throughout freshwater, marine, and soil habitats, as well as vertebrae digestive tracts including those of humans.^[2] The bacteria within this group exist as a free-living organisms or symbiont (organisms that live in close physical association) with eukaryotic hosts from nematode worms and marine sponges to the gut of sea cucumber, clam worm, and humans.^[3]

↑ Oren A, Garrity GM (2021). "Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 71 (10): 5056. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005056. PMID 34694987. S2CID 239887308.
↑ Bergmann, Gaddy T.; Bates, Scott T.; Eilers, Kathryn G.; Lauber, Christian L.; Caporaso, J. Gregory; Walters, William A.; Knight, Rob; Fierer, Noah (2011-07-01). "The under-recognized dominance of Verrucomicrobia in soil bacterial communities". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 43 (7): 1450–1455. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.03.012. ISSN 0038-0717. PMC 3260529. PMID 22267877.
↑ Cardman, Z.; Arnosti, C.; Durbin, A.; Ziervogel, K.; Cox, C.; Steen, A. D.; Teske, A. (2014-06-15). Spormann, A. M. (ed.). "Verrucomicrobia Are Candidates for Polysaccharide-Degrading Bacterioplankton in an Arctic Fjord of Svalbard". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 80 (12): 3749–3756. doi:10.1128/AEM.00899-14. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 4054139. PMID 24727271.

[1] Oren A, Garrity GM (2021). "Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 71 (10): 5056. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005056. PMID 34694987. S2CID 239887308.

[2] Bergmann, Gaddy T.; Bates, Scott T.; Eilers, Kathryn G.; Lauber, Christian L.; Caporaso, J. Gregory; Walters, William A.; Knight, Rob; Fierer, Noah (2011-07-01). "The under-recognized dominance of Verrucomicrobia in soil bacterial communities". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 43 (7): 1450–1455. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.03.012. ISSN 0038-0717. PMC 3260529. PMID 22267877.

[3] Cardman, Z.; Arnosti, C.; Durbin, A.; Ziervogel, K.; Cox, C.; Steen, A. D.; Teske, A. (2014-06-15). Spormann, A. M. (ed.). "Verrucomicrobia Are Candidates for Polysaccharide-Degrading Bacterioplankton in an Arctic Fjord of Svalbard". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 80 (12): 3749–3756. doi:10.1128/AEM.00899-14. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 4054139. PMID 24727271.

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